Crops

Bananas

Overview (about bananas)

Bananas are tropical perennial plants whose fruits are used both for cooking (plantains) and as table fruits (dessert). They may also be processed into starch, chips, puree, beer (in Africa), vinegar, or may be dehydrated and sold as dried fruit. Flour is produced from both plantains and table bananas, which can then be used in soups, baking or as a drink.&nbsp; Bananas are easy to digest hence provide quick energy.

Banana will produce the first yield about 18 months after planting. Tissue culture bananas yield considerably higher than traditionally propagated bananas when planted in clean soil that has not been previously used for banana production in the recent past

Overview

Altitude range

Bananas require altitudes of 0-1800 masl 

Soil type and conditions

Well-drained, deep, fertile, and light to medium loamy soils with high organic matter with pH of 5.5 &ndash; 6.5. Banana nutrient requirements include: N, P, K, Mg, Ca, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Mo 

Temperature range 

The temperatures should be 20 &ndash; 30 oC. 

Rainfall

The rainfall should be 1000 &ndash; 2500 (3600) mm p.a.

Site Selection

Steps during land preparation

<ol>
	<li>Remove stamps and any other roots from previous vegetation</li>
	<li>Spacing; Dwarf varieties (3 x 3) M like Dwarf cavendish and Giant varieties like Giant cavendish, FHIA;</li>
	<li>Dig holes 60 cm wide x 60 cm deep to break hard pan</li>
	<li>In dry and semi-arid areas, dig holes measuring 90 cm x 90 cm x 60 cm</li>
	<li>Put topsoil (first 30 cm) on one side of the hole and sub-soil on the other side</li>
	<li>Mix 10-20 kg of farmyard manure or compost with the topsoil</li>
</ol>

Land preparation

Pre-planting

Ensure the required variety 

Cooking types; (Ngombe, Nusu Ngombe, Kisii Matoke, Uganda green, Murule)

Ripening types; (Giant Cavendish, <a name="_Hlk9219829">FHIA </a>17,18,23, Grand Naine, Poyo, Valery, Williams, Lacatan) 

Dual purpose; (Nusu Ngombe, FHIA 18, Eshinamuli)

Varieties

Planting

Irrigate during dry spells and in areas with long dry seasons where rainfall is less than 220 mm per month, to avoid drying up of the crop

Mulch around the basin, 30 to 50 cm (60 cm) away from the plant/stool, to maintain moisture, help roots to bury deep in the ground, and help control banana weevils

Water Management

Intercrop with legumes such as mucuna, dolichos or cowpeas for&nbsp; use as <a href="https://www.infonet-biovision.org/PlantHealth/Crops/Bananas" title="A crop grown before or between the main crop rows, cut before maturation and subsequently ploughed in or used as mulch. It provides nutrients to the main crop through decomposition and helps to build up humus in the soil. ">green manure</a> to help supply nitrogen and maintain soil fertility

Weed the plant around the basin, 4-6 weeks after establishment to allow free air flow and to control pest and disease build-up

Perform frequent shallow weeding to keep the field free of weedsMulch around the basin, 30 to 50 cm (60 cm) away from the plant/stool, to; reduce weed emergence, maintain a layer of humus and enhance microbiological activity in the soil.

Weed Management

Top dress with 200g DAP and 200-300g CAN per stool per year in a circle of 50-100 cm diameter, depending on soil analysis results

Apply 5-10kg compost of farmyard manure per stool/year

Soil fertility

Crop management

Pest Managemet

Disease Management

The stage of maturity is judged by the angularity of the fingers: The more rounded a finger is in a cross-section, the more mature it is. The fingers are considered mature for harvesting when they are 3/4 round (75% maturity) and still green. 

TC bananas mature at 9-12 months while conventional suckers take 12-14 months. Some fruits turn yellow while others remain green at maturity. Maiden suckers (5-8months) takes 9-12 months to fruit. Sword suckers (about 75cm high with diameter of 15cm) takes 18 months to fruiting. Peepers suckers (young and small) takes 24 months before fruiting. The most common index of maturity is based on the fruit fingers of the banana

Maturity

Harvesting

De-hand the bunches and deflower, wash, sort and pack the hands in carton boxes for next steps, such as transportation

Storage

Where they form staple food, cook by boiling or steaming and can be eaten alone or with vegetables, meat or fish, frying with meat, maize, beans and potato or ripen and eaten raw as a fruit

Post-harvest handling

Bananas can also be value added (processed) to make bread, wine crisps, cakes among others

Processing

Beans

Overview 

Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) Local names in Kenya (Maharagwe, Oganda; Managanda) 

Introduction

Beans is herbaceous annual plant grown for its edible dry seeds or unripe fruits. It is the second most important staple food after maize for the local people in Kenya. Its leaves are also used as vegetable and straw for animal fodder. In Kenya common beans are grown mainly for subsistence and for the local market. It is highly rich in protein hence known to be the cheapest source of protein, starch and minerals such as iron and potassium. Beans are cooked by boiling, frying, and baking or can be bought cooked or canned.

Altitude range

Beans require altitudes of altitude of 1000 &ndash; 2000 masl,

Soil type and conditions

Well-drained soils with a soil pH: 6.0 &ndash; 7.0.

Temperature range 

The temperatures should be 20 &ndash; 30 oC optimal. 

Rainfall

The rainfall should be 750 &ndash; 4000 mm p.a.

Site selection

Steps during land preparation

<ol>
	<li>Slash and plant using appropriate tools e.g. rippers, jab planters, dibbler, oxen drawn equipment e.g. the ripper, tractor drawn no till planter</li>
	<li>Ploughing is done by preparing the soil using chisel ploughs to avoid fine tilths</li>
	<li>Hoes and oxen drawn implements can also be used</li>
	<li>Contour farming technique recommended</li>
	<li>Add manure and fertilizers to the soil in the right amounts to provide the required plant nutrients for vigorous crop growth</li>
	<li>Maintain soil health for good production and income</li>
	<li>Test soils first to guide application of manure and fertilizer</li>
	<li>Apply only deficient nutrients</li>
	<li>Consider using conservation farming approaches minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, crop rotation, soil conservation measures</li>
</ol>

Common planting materials

Seeds should be obtained from reliable sources. Farmer saved seeds are alternatives where certified seeds aren&rsquo;t available or the seed can be bought from the market 

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TLmCYGzEEOdCksX+EWfBKzxgjwjfkJJZspJBGvaFUXzsV/lEr8VKLwJkqsQ4Cv5cz3Ok/BQPmIWFY6gozE7e+KT+J9AqbSz0snLLSCOa+fMk3DbJ73eJJh2EFKvCkoCp7OpavZljqToC12+cO4ryJHl46Bc2YorKjLOQ67HsR3ht4NNPKWJjB2sonTyfSDtBwlSyUoVVzUFRU5KxzK6gAk8rttYPo7w6YVhWHlKhKEoBrsMrkuLEgX2sXgtN9BVx/UDnGZErPkV/MUSp9kEhs3R29T5PCvXcSpKVy6UZiLAJQpV2AcnTQN9tC9U4L/8AYqUlZEtE1SJYfS9vNtBDTw3JmBI8TICA3K5fvfTy+O0JJ0PFtq2KdZh9bNTaQv1YP5AmBVBS1MhZBkzMu4ykt3trFn/iWEYZuJcrqSEncO7erXgqbqqJOCu7J/LxIZSlUxQ3LHKp9n0MbK7jKammyIC1KI9sgkf7gAknsLRqxisRPIzBAQguSQHt3OwgvguBLnspCBJQReYuWlcxQs3huSEgjch+0ZSH4Nrbok0hZ/M7m99/sxrTMi3YnwR4krJ4i13HthGUbl0pSnYM4uHcREsaplUs+bTrDqlqyuNxqD6ggx0QlfZxZcSjtOzPVN4g2cR1pJmVYO0C5iyTmaNAmXF7Q/kiNnFcymmyJa5CcqkoT4iQkgBSeUqB0OdLG24L3MC8FmJHtaRlUcsuYHOUp950HzMD6Fa3tD3sBRK+tp0pSJV+/pCFVL/mq8/3gqtU/wABQAQlBIKiEjOprgFZDsCLAMPOAEos8aTsyCuHzzmJa3SOeOKc5htHGmDx1xNDJAfXT9YHgJhpqlt4bMAxlKHC0BaTYiFWVJBF4OYNhksrAMxSR1AzM++X8zWtq2l4MbMZMXlpK0ltX91iPmY4rStLZkqT0cER6xeQuRPUha0rUkhpiCFJULKBSdti2o3jPPqlTC61knv9IDMFsPykgKVlc3OrCNHEciSlAXJWStJDOPh87QGRMyjlBUe33+kchOUtQKvQbCDegH2ZiC1l1AOzWDep6xoo8YWh2VqCNHN/lGhEkHYO0Da6lMtTtYwNoJ0nICvylzqYxTpBEdk1PSC2H44uWlSARkX7QKQoGzPcatAoNgaUuOjxrn0UvIVBRChsRY+rwPt/V8DGegDEmt8JXhrOUpPKToR0PSHXh/GZeQJmK5Rc31GuruGMKs6iFZULnhLSyr+WOw/Me51htwXhSUGJS51jkk10ehHl2buNsUNTIEqTMOQhl2N8xSAH94I79oQMNqPBJlrILFnGhbUecViXQKRJcoQMrlQuRlDkNa6mA26whcfYWiRSSBlZahnUdCVZGJ83aDV9jOkrRgr8ZCByjMT7oXa2cueSybnpp6mOmGYctZHiEnonf1h0wXBFGWuYmVmRLBdRUlCeV3CSfaZrkWGkK5cXS2xVFzVvSESjzynSsOkN6P06w5cI8ULkWCraC9iOwJCcyTsSHG9oauH+F0LQJsyWElfMXAKr9HsPcbQF/FCXTS5aZUoM6k2tqkXPaz/CMp8ilfD0tnDiPjSZPSKdBSTMUAtaUFJLEEn2j0G50gJXYulMtUhDuVDxJj3mEO47J9n3dNRSJnhqnKAulISk9Ht9+UecPoQVIzHW7du8PS7ZlMacGkTKtQWqYSLOogqUW2SNG9whwxLhBS5BEiZMTMYHnIAURcOwtvvaOXDYQyShm2Ih2oVP5wE2zTzyXRH/APgtbKUoz5Cy6lKzJ5xzKzPyk7trHulxEBQCVM2qSPtotMvIvMAxyliOh6QD4p4XlVEskpZYHKsWUPXcdjaA4k1k8E+GJliSSL2BbT0PnAY4oqcWzAjcp0+ZgJjFRMlLMtexZ+vptG7A0ZJfiqLC5IbXoB0gNUhlK3QXosL8ecmWfZSylto2yfMm7+XSKnhIQgIQgOPZAS2VOUb9OkT/AIdlESlLAWfFUDlFlNoXJZn6jQaRScKASkBICQNhYRoj5Og+C8ksQCxY6gd+94/nr8SpaV4pNCA5Phg7OopSN7D8sXasr0JCZbgEgkDsNbdo/mTHKxdRVT5oZlzCQf7XZP8A2gReLuRxZFUd+TXiODqp1JROSkZgSGWDozv0MDamkQgZgou9kkb++O0iUQLBL/DzgdPKvE5vTp6RY5zvMnGYwOg2Hz7mCGHygGf4xjp5QPR41VdXkRrzG0ZANNdXDKZabnptAoYSdc2t9P3jnJsCTqYK0lSDtB7MY0Ui0X18v3+sYsRWokEhms3SGiTUJOo/aP3EYkGWnInmLM3Xf0jNaMK8maIIUky/yMcKfB5hNmA6En9AY0rw6ZJPOmzO6b2++0TU1dWUeOSV0bcbq/EkpKwM6CwUwBUCdyNTcwClSnPWPdZVlagkaC8dZabw7exArhtM5SAA5NvWMOP03hz1JHQaaOLFvURrpqsS2V0uIy8QTETZ+aQGlhCEubFSghIWojqV5jBfQDxSL5hDFjEuWqkQW5s7E9QYX6GWfTvHzGZyhlSXCdR56Rr0Ywow9S15ZQJJLAAElzswgpXcOTqcoE9KkFYJD5btbQEkerRmpCQ2XX7MFJSyFlR5lH8xuT3cwEgsHV2GzhLzNyDV7PAsLEMGLYmpScpL9vq0Lv8ACq6GMwItFPSIS2UBtAB0g9hirF0kZTlBLcwYFw2zkj0hZmYlJlsFTUADqob+se6NS6uYrLNKKVCcpUk/8wm5yq0ADM99T1cefFUeu1fYepKlc3+WVpUhJC5s1CjlBzZhLR6ARPuKsZFZWqNvDliwO7HXycD3QwcU4+inpxTU6chIYJ0Vl6tql7l1X0s5ETqmw+aCVBJVm1YNpo3lFHJJbdCvukg7hlGpYJlAeKSSZii4SH0ZrFgBZ9occElTFSpUubMOSWAPDDM2oClC6xoW0eJzKxZVOrmzAlIcM36XghT8QzlE+Glu6voIlNOr8DRlG68lO4g4kl08okqDgWH0iH4xi6587xFks+nQGDtRhEyec01ZWrzb3AWgfU8PFOhPzg4s2JPb2Sy48svyrR+zJUpaS+VeUg7Ejv8Ae8fZ0xlAjQfdoE+FMSfD67HTzjVNopgHt/CKypVsSLbT0OfDmJ5UeHlcb3Z3+b3eKBhGLS0pCXslPcsB3+zEPwtKwl3Lud4LYfjs+UeQgjdDZT5jqffGvYe0XZGOBXheGlS0zf8A8iQ4RoxUOn0gxSoWWSSlSWuo2L9kgN8YimE8deDmK1Tlr2lKCAANyFJT99IcpfHlIqWFCpUhWVylCSogtvyl2PkIomZ431FCN+KNIJdQoMzKb3sbdRfXrAKruqShjk3A9P0gh+IuOKqlomKTokCWo2UsWdZDlnaw+cBqGsIWheoAYjcPv8om0k7Q8bTp9lRwjQdIYJSQpjnUySOVKmDi92udrG0ItJjyEpZwFNYnQHYkbiO8/i9MqWJckmfONnswUo6qZgA59kX+cRToejV+JPFCJcvwkMZ6gcvVCTyqV2cOB+0S+Q2UAQz/APw1c8qmLmFU1RfP1OnoOnaFPEqOZTTDLmpKVA7/AKRX02bHLSezm9TiyRpvoL4fJSojzjrj2CJlSypZF9GO/wBYDU9YNXbyjjVYgqbMSkkkD9Lx2uSSONK3R2wfDiojOogHb6wxK4Yp5y/CC5iJtiDYpL6ffaM+DsFaam8G8Tm5pksBIGRlBWUEk6gDcAee/aOB5ZOVI9KOGCjtCNilEqSrJM75VB2UxIOtwQQxBuIzSp7RSPxFkpVSlSpYRNRNSCAXBK0h283D+QhDpqNMticjnq/wP7RaOX22+zmng91LozmsbrHWiqVFWZV3DAdBDfw1g6KlCkzAGZRHV7AMfjCviuFGnmGWdBp5QrzKdxY//wA7x1LsM4XKzLT5iHORRZ0cuQqSbFQzN2sQQYnlHV5FJTYJe+pcfOGmixRImFaFFIJGgcXA1BDPvHNKEm9HXGaSBXH/AAymQRUSwyFFlp2BOhHQE2hWXFf4yqpaqZaCOUySVKylORYHeyi7aRJ6KkGVJVzKUbJ2Hn1joxZOMals5c2HlO4qrB9VUvuTHSQdO0NdNwYZoJdCewQ/xcRgxnhObTJzghSPiPT/ADDL1MJOkycvSZIq6MlO5sN464nSzZoQhIKyjXsLsPiTGLC86tDlc+tunT0h64boBaGyZ+K0bD6fm99CQulmyQM8shvX5aRkVWrWWFhvFnkYOFy8s0BRIZRAZ+4G0Tni3hhVKrOATKVbM2h79IXH6jk6Y+b0nFXEBUtOSYMMr+tUCaSb1VG7+Ml9VR0qjjoO4MmiUQUywoi41VfyvHviLjCchXhSM0oAboKSf9wdvIDzgnh0xMsDKG8o7YzWS5kvLMQFp6H5g6g948depfPcbX1PYljfHT2T/B1ZlKWskqKrk3J3+Zh/wlaAwcCFXDMJSFqykkEuM2w/WHzCKNOUWiXrMkZPRT00HGOwXxpgCJtP4iACpF3DG3TyhOoKgJu37RZkYUDLWoENluOvaIpxNSmTVKRK5gbt96Q3pblH4b+qBmcYvmvoxnpK9Jg3QolTLH3mJygT0jMwS/8Ad+0aqA1E0tnKU7kG8CfpvNoMcy6phfinDUS6lORQLpOnmI91WG/yM3SGTh/BUggm/c3MG8TwgeCRoFW/eIrPtLwvJRwWyYcN0wWMu7n5mGv/AOCCbu3eEqnnqkT1JY6uWGh/eKCjjaTLk5lKGYfle7+UdGSU4ytbTIKMXH6CPxTh6qWoEqUvMAHdV26frHGbilSJRQQnIrXKliY8qrzPmrmqPtm3kPsw4YDSS5yMqhteKZM7xpWgY8SltMn1CvxZjqJIDC8WnhvhyjVKKlITmAsbe+JZXYOuTVTJAbMSCDsd/iG98UHhGvKpSb7NEfV5KqfgfDB8WvIlfiDw8mVVpVK5UTUlRAsxSQ7ebp+MecFpwhlKOmnbu3WN/H1YqZVS0ISV5EF8uzkfSFqsqFIHOFJ8xDxc8mKMb8AShjk2ONTxmJQyS0urQNaAlZVfxkxKqgE20SL69SRp3hew6ZmJUfKGGjULQ8cSw9di8/i99BOm4Wp138LKOgJf1NnPoIFcUcMinadJCslwQbs4bX1h5wKqSBeDfFKZM2jUhKWWzv8AKGhllfJy+xp4oVxjH7kWTODtnKRrYF+sOPAMjxZz6oSfaVudfe94RpNYmWrw16A8pN27Q6cLY7LStrAWJOgLRaT4rojBKT7Df4yFKPDQnVakrPoLffaECUgLUHAPpG7jniFNVVgILpQGfZxA6SplJU+kCSdBi1fzH7BMFamlT0rVmmKCVISwDKew3CgGPoe8cPxJwVqUTU+3KIcnUglr+/5x14TMx1FSj4aFnwwDyglyTlaxDtr1jp+JNe1KJQP8ycR6BJCifg3rE1JSyKikotY3f6kql1qSwUkg/wBsHMIWotkC9f7Q/ViRaPmBYVLWvKqYiWA2ZSmfyENNLhp8ZqdZVIsAVAJU35mATcHbQ2i05JdEscZN7/wJ/E4qcvPLWmW4JJOd+mZQJA/0vr6N4pAxB6J+ZP0i50+EyPAZQSp+XKpiWIvcxGcbkop6mbKTZGqB0Dlh6HMPdAluNJBSqTbY4cLVwNjBbjoy/wCCBSebMARCDgtWAoDMPSDfEVSFyi6rC/6xyajKq7OruNiZh01nHQnTXrDrwxjUnRboIuQoRNhnzlSQWPpBnCFrchKSCqzggH0JOusds4LtnHjyt6RaKHHJSVMuWpIy2UsAB7s5dh63hM40x+UunVLTMzqmTMr7AAgqAJZ26gamFLHMQWFkqlELAD51OOxYa+9oESqmZOUuZMVmXoCbN5AWAvtGr22ZzXJx8hqnwHPKEz2XHKBcqaxJ8y7CBC8LU55t+n7w+4BSFC0yFLC/5fiSyzMCSCkh9iHfoR6Nw4DKuYJBBuC3W/WIqeXk0PLHicUyZiss7vGf+Kzk3sIFVZVImGWpwNn27R+RMILjSFWLVryH4mxuwxYb9YZsNqgB+rmELD69O6wnzgzh6lTVDKSU9Rb3E/fyjz82OVnXjaaGnHcdTIlFSla2Cdyew/WJ5S3JmL1USS/e8EOKcDnBX8So5kJDFI0QOv8Adu5PXpaF+ZUlQ5QSOwJ+UXwY04XF3fb/AKFnOnTVfL/YSXM8UkD2U/EwawWla8KmD1DOLgvd7Q6YZUhhcRvUpw0Lily2N2GqAj1x9jiZFGVDVIADbkkbdg59ICzMZlyk5lKHbv5Qn8VY14yC+l2G37mI4Iym6rXkbK1Hfk9cOTubxF3Uouo73glxEqTVAISnn6ttC3QTuUCHThrDwwUdSfpD5VxnzXfg0PcqfR5wDgmSEALSpXfMQQ/Ro/UmHqpajISSDdB/qT9RoRFLwaiBdxpCL+INciWqSNwtTdcrB/jlhJxySW3djQlFOkugZ+I4ypp6kFlJV4ZPYgs/kR8YDUGPy6aT7QJ1CXvHziHGU1aZdOByJVnUerAgDtqY24Xg1LOkrlqBC0sEhKQxBZ1O1lpLnVmADXh0o/CSy/X7G93J8P8An/o4YC6lGZMutZzK9dvQNB6vwtMxJDAvCjQVZQsoHMpBKS3Ys/kdYfMNWogKKSN4llbhOwpclSJfXUJp5hSzJNx0jvS1DGKjimF0s+WRPUE2JCxt9YkU+QpExYQoKQk2UxfX/Eejimsq/U45Lgxzwyqa+0fMb4pAT4Uk5lmxOwfr1MKeJU1WhGaxQRqi4bvGPDSAEk6ucz97B/lBWGNcrsLzSvjVBvDMGSVOeYm5MMiOFZKh7Ac/esCMLqWMOmF16fP72iUnJvstCMUtIn3EfDS5BCwLC4P6QKTUpKXBiucbY3Ty6ZKUpClkaGJDR4cgqBV+ZTkaAC5b3R0Rlr3PohOLT9q77GjC8fRIlpKicupU2b01F4BYliy6mb4htm5UD+lL/Pc9/KPc3BvEypyF1eyA7+g390YaylmUy0pmpIa4cEOH6HTeGhCC2uyeSc/PQTlBthb3n94bsHm5WvCRIxFAu4bvGuTjyicskAndR0H1hJwbLY8kVofZuOoCCQsMkOVH2R2L6nsPpEw4iq/4mcud7P8ATsyXt8/jBugqJk2Z4YLqAJK1Xv26Je1mhslYYtSrDZuQAE2Y6akjXrCrJ8J7VjTxfGVJ0v7JdPrFhABykBgDlGb/AHC8dfFmEJCi5OnQfXzgrxngH8OUlNgSTlOzat27QMlSVFKVJLlO3aLucZJSRzLHOEnFm+moUH2nJ3L/ACgurBpfhZkIOYdCbdy72gJLnEHv0g5huKy08qzrqkFie0c0nK+zqgk1pBvCMGVUS1ypuVQSnlLcyRa7tdPxHrE6EjwZsyUbs5bqLxZ+GMYHhqSpMuWlctQIQCSdg50SGOrmJHxRJK6uYpCgcpbM3tEe0W/1EiLQUdpPTIZHLTraGDhEqXOC1LJUlGVLkNl19S/WHuXik5ICRVEBIYDls1miUYTUzJawShXQ5Rb5WjfMrqUkkyppL3Jm69/bibWRSbi/2KJ4+KTX7hX8XsKShaCgByW7l73hTw7ASobk+cb+IeIDVVCSo6bQx8NLAclolPJPFiSRo4oZMjfYjzaISpgJFjYvDlwxictJZRaCPGGGSTSLmqy5yGSBq5sH++sIVFhy3AzGEtZ8dz0yig8UqirRS+Mcbp0UcxlupaSkBtyCBvfrAbgufKAylIIgOrhpRQVLXf8AuO3roIByTOlKOQEoTooaenUQIYISxuMX/QZ5JRlbWik8RcMUsxBmy1eEsDbQ+kTiqVOQvIFjzA2gpJ4gmTWlMSo+n2I/Y7gNRTlM5YCpe6k3y/6hsO8NiuD4Tr9LElUlcfuFOFqWXmebcNuXMD+NKCV4qhKLJaOdJWgXBDGMuIzzMUyHUT0098CCmsnIpkrhxMeHzrgHa0U3h6oGRDdIQaPhWoXzIbyjojFp9Gsylyy4Ojhr6EHpDZorK/w3bExtwXvVFklY1lQU2AIufLWJ7xLQqqFKnKHKAyPLr2J+kcMHnTamYDNLJFwgaevUxTZOHS1SCFMxTHH+JGfe1/gt7K67ITh0kIWsd9/KH/h+kBo5ywebKojroYndZWBFRMH5XZ9nBMNMniCVKo1pSf5qgUhPnZ/KOn1OOcqdXdCYMkYppPqzBwutIUCdSST3LxUsOIKbe6IthM0pYbgvFO4axJ0i/wB94T1MKlYcUrjozfiDRLlyvFS+UWUNmO/vaEHB1OFA7u/kof5i+Ippc+QtCgCCD312j+f1S/Anrl7BRT6DT10i2CFQ4/dEpzuVv6Mb+EpudCpKubI4IOmX6aj3QvY3w+uUZhRzZC5Tdygsyh1bQxrop6kLC0np7xsexEN2NTAmTT1WXkUShR7EXCvV/dFVCUZOUemblFx4y8E2wzGEINy46GxH1gkniFCTyOxNzq3cAG+9oBinlZlKZ+csnYJe0MWC0AmEEyysPZJISn1LufhFJxhdsljlkqhfxvFBNmAIK8pIDrU5ItsAAPQR3lmyQToWPqCIcK/8Opk4KmIEqWoB0pS9z3JNvvSE5SFJzpUkpWiygdQRtDNxaVCwUrfJ2U7hgyxMVMVqVZUnokHKG6As8dvxFwyWuRMykKyDOg+Qv7w4hbpcQCghSGCfpBnHsSSmjXfmWkpTfUqDD6+QMccJvlXm/wDkds4Ljf6EiqUgCC2AlKQO4eD+D8Fqny8xUHIsnYfvAnEcFm0ZyzEnK/KrbyjunNTVI4MWN45cmEeF54E4jfKQA2txaH/DsfTJUMwYJLlxuP3iTiaUqExBc6/fXQR5rscXMPP8InKDb5RLQyRiuMuhh494iTVzSwcg6gWb/MY+GuGJkyXmTUJHbI7dic36QEwuZmCldTDHwxiPgzQw5T7Sf/YeX1jZJSSaXYMcYtqRjx7Bp9OHmAZTYLRcersU27R3wriqVIkmUJEl1JylZJU7hsykZOY7s4isSsORPSmYSFZRYWIZQZyNwYl/GnCKaaamdL/5KixS3sE6N/adO1usDFkVb0HLB3rZxw6tUJfgyElOayphPMR/6j4+UHcGwwOCmWMo1WR/4wNwOUAQwueph0kVIQPMN99InJ2y8dIIUeDy1SypSmSzk2DM43HwhYmzqHMXQCXLlte+sBuIsfmEFIcIcuM3x9YTEmYQ40N9YrGCa0Rnl4vezZ/wkljLSH2aD2Cy5st86NdC+kcMGrwmxg3OxRLWaOLNOcvY0WxwjH3IWcYxlalhM0ZUJ0HU6OT1jiMWSPZc9xdv3jpj05K5iRsdRDRMw6SqnTlypIFttoeThBRXEC5Sb2JkmeaiaxKsqdlE384ZsZQEywkaNALDqGaZx8MAh9SbQV4lzoYTEs4sdj5RsrjLJGK/YEFJQbZj4RCVVCCf6vlFpFMhUt7HYiP5+wmu8ObbYuP1EV7AcZCg72PeI+thUtrQcL5R0TPiPC8tZNly+VALkDZ+kEMKpgC3pHnEsQSusqFDdVvIBvrGmi1Bhsk5cEn8l/AYRinaHvhpCbP2+EK34u0Cf4iXMlDUEH/pYj5mCtBXJlhyoAJ3NoUuIMZNXN/l+wgMCd+piXpZvlpaXbGzR0YsP4gEm60kDt+0FK7jybOR4ckGWkhis+039vTzgajhcz0t4rH/AEuPnA+ow6ZTLEuYBpYjRQG4+kdajgk7W5EPxU/ctBegppW6QXsxjzV8MploTOR7JUyk9H0IPTZvKOdFOuIacfqpaMMV/UVpb/cLD4mIc8kZpJ9lnGDi210I+JycrKRc9OsE8AxMoOp79vMR34TSFKStV8x39wEUiowCnnJBXKSS1lDlV6EXg5cq/JJfcWMa2jDhuOAJfMGa8SbGp+afMV+VRLHoXJBhuxzAVU6ygrUUKcoc/A9x9IF1GGBSWUGazwfTyjB23ZssXJaRlwuqBJSbA28j1jRWY8syZlMpspObyOhb0aFmpWqUtgbD790fgtc7RIH93ztHoKGu9M43lV1Wz3h8wLN93H6waw2rXIIa6X0On+YDSsLWkvLcka7jyLRuFQbpWhQO4YkfDSNOKb10bHJxW+yzcH47JmS+deQ9D9dvWJt+KtRKNcDIZeeWPECdyCQD3LMPICMOH8SS5XKtBm2szpWOxVuIDVNSZi1TFbnTp0A8hGhFrtGnJPphSjrjLGYylJS1wEHKTq/QdNYGVGNTJ8zmPKlJyp2Ggfzg3w7jJlkhTrT01I/ZoNY7wfLnIFTSsFalKbBfUNsv7PUL7VJtrfzH98opRel4NWDVZnNKlLyIYZ1J9rrlT02L+UM8ygFRImIMteUJF5jEl3Fjd9Hd94nGBTEyvCWgllHKtJ1SofIG4Y3BHeLNgNekyylV8ydtoVJXxZRtuPJH88YrSrp5qpYc3sD02j6igWocxYnoIbPxDloGIDSyHP35QJpZSZhyq0fqRBnkar+ScMSd318gLKlGQS7lJ+Eb5ay4UksdjDpTcOyKiWAgjSzF2hRxzBp1Eq6c0sn78oVT+I68juPwlfj+Br4d4qKC0xJ5XBUDlsdXDMQ92t23c1jFX49MuUpC0KMnMM6dbOFp6jMHeJVTVUoKuHexCjf0Ox7w2YhxHOnywhKispleElSgEhINiX1Utm2a0Lkx/boeGVNfPsX8IxrKUlVuub9DBmox5czlk8/lp7zCaqlUmalMwWf0LbQ24ZhswqzSpoT0Cmb0LGHyxgtr/wAJ4cmSSafj9zDW8O1UwEnfYQPGA1Ys2ltD9IrVDSVqdBJmAdcwPvZvhB2VhiikFSE5mDtcPu3rAjlyJeDSxY27tn//2Q==" 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Seeds

Recommended varieties

Select seeds that are adapted to local agroecological zones and from a recommended source

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Ensure the required variety

Apply water directly if necessary, to where it is consumed 

Use drip irrigation, bottle solution for small fields

1st weeding is done 3-4 weeks after germination 

2nd weeding is done just before topdressing

Add manure and fertilizers to the soil in the right amounts to provide the required plant nutrients for vigorous crop growth

Manure is to be applied based on soil test results at planting and at top dress. Use only non-acidifying fertilizers

Note; Beans top dressing is not recommended given that it&rsquo;s a leguminous crop that utilizes its fixed nitrogen in the soil

Only replenish nutrients that test results show are needed for the right balance

Apply IPM principles for increased use of biophysical methods and reduced use of agrochemical methods to control weeds

Apply manure/boost soil fertility and also crop rotation

Pests include; 

African bollworm (Heliothis armigera), Bean aphid (Aphis fabae), Bean fly (Ophiomyia spp), Flower thrips (Taeniothrips siostedti) and Leaf miner

They are controlled by field use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), plant early or harvest early, rogueing, crop rotation, resistant varieties 

Use of appropriate insecticides as recommended by experts

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African Bollworm

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Bean aphid

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Bean fly

Flower thrips

Control of pests

Use Integrated Pest Management 

Plant early and harvest early

Remove infected materials

Practice crop rotation

Use of resistant varieties

Use of appropriate insecticides as recommended by experts

&nbsp;

Disease management

Dry pods in the sun on clean mats, canvas or wire mesh trays on raised platform

Thresh an winnow to remove chaff and dust

Re-dry to attain storage moisture content level to maintain grain quality and to increase shelf life

Sort before storage to remove damaged, discolored and infected grains before storage

Dry pods in the sun, thresh and winnow to remove chaff and dust, re-dry to attain storage moisture content level

Use insecticides to preserve beans, store it in sisal or jute bags, on raised pallets to protect from rodents

Cassava

Cassava (Manihot esculenta))

Local names in Kenya (Muhogo, Omuogo, Mariwa, Marieba

Overview (about cassava)

Cassava is a drought tolerant root crop and produces reasonable yields under adverse climatic conditions. The crop can grow well and achieve good yields in areas where annual rainfall is as low as 500 mm, well-distributed in the growing season. Water-logged, compact soils or hard pan interferes with free root development. The crop can remain in the soil as a famine reserve for a reasonable period of time after maturity. Other factors that make cassava popular with small-scale farmers is that it requires little&nbsp;labour&nbsp;in its production and there are no&nbsp;labour&nbsp;peaks because the necessary operations in its production can be spread throughout the year, and its yields fluctuate less than those of cereals.

Cassava will produce 15 &ndash; 20 tons/Ha

Altitude range

Cassava require an altitude of 0 &ndash; 1500 masl

Soil type and conditions

Medium fertile soil with good drainage with a pH of 4.5 &ndash; 6.5. Cassava nutrient requirements include: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo and Zn

Temperature range 

The temperatures should be 25 &ndash; 29 oC

Rainfall

The rainfall should be 1000 &ndash; 1500 mm p.a.

Steps during land preparation

<ol>
	<li>Prepare land early, especially during the dry season, preferably 2 months before planting</li>
	<li>Harrow to a medium tilth </li>
	<li>Analyse the soil and cassava nutrient requirement for various soil types. </li>
</ol>

Add manure and fertilizers to the soil in the right amounts to provide the required plant nutrients for vigorous crop growth

Transplant/plant cuttings in a well-prepared field at a spacing of either 100 cm x 50 cm or 50 cm x 50 cm.

&nbsp;

Use mini-stem cuttings of 2-4 nodes in rapid seed multiplication technique 

Select a well-drained, flat site for the nursery bed, near a source of water. 

Choose a nursery bed of 1.0 &ndash; 1.2 m width, at least 30 cm high, and convenient length. 

Plant hardwood mini cuttings horizontally, at a spacing of 10 cm x 10 cm, and a depth of 4 cm to 5 cm. Place cuttings so that two adjacent nodes are on the right and left sides

Plant semi-mature cuttings vertically at a spacing of 10 cm x 10 cm with two-thirds of the cuttings and the old ends buried

Plant tip-shoot cuttings in the same manner as semi-mature cuttings, at a spacing of 10 cm x 10 cm. Bury two-thirds of the cuttings in the soil 

Alternatively, for rapid seed multiplication method, Plant mini-stem cuttings in strong, black, disposable bags / containers 

Perforate the bags at the sides and bottom to allow drainage, and fill with good quality garden soil; or soil-less media, following the same planting procedure as for nursery beds

Recommended varieties

Migyera, MM96/9308, MM06/0074, MM06/0131, MM06/0013, MH95/0183, MM96/1642, MM98/3567, MM96/4271, MM96/2480, MM97/0293, MM96/0868, MM06/0138, MM06/0139

Water the tip shoots lightly 3 times daily (Tip shoots are sensitive to low humidity). 

Keep the nursery beds weed free and cover the cuttings exposed during watering

First weeding within the first month after planting

Hand weeding is the most common method: remove the weeds around the plants by hand to avoid disturbing the roots and injuring the shoots 

Cover crops may also be used to control weeds

Weeding 3-5 times in the growing season may be sufficient

Early branching and vigorous varieties develop canopies which reduce weed growth

Weed management

Apply fertilizer to the ratooned fields.

Stems can be cut and supplied to farmers 6-8 months after transplanting

Cut the stems at a height of 20-25 cm above the ground

Harvesting of planting materials can be done up to three times

Cut back young stems 8-12 weeks after planting of cuttings in the nursery and use the resulting tip shoots for further multiplication

Tip shoots can be cut several times in a year to serve as a source of seeds for a long period of time

The cut stumps will sprout (ratoon) into several shoots, allow only 2-3 to grow

Ministem cuttings sprouted in bags without soil can be planted directly onto the field after 7-10 days. Sprouting in bags without soil has additional advantages

Cassava can be intercropped with short crops such as grain legumes and pulses which mature in three months. Intercropping ensures maximum land utilization since mean maturity period of cassava is 12 months

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" 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Mature tubers

Cassava is ready for harvesting 9-12 months after planting depending on variety, and the stage of maturity is judged by the yellowing of lower leaves

Harvesting is commonly done manually by uprooting the whole plant or piece-meal harvesting using a fork jembe / hoe

Cassava can also be harvested mechanically, and the roots picked by hand. Harvesting is easier when cassava is planted on ridges and in loose or sandy soils; and during the wet season. 

Too early harvesting results in lower root yield and starch content while delayed harvesting leads to development of woody, fibrous roots and reduction in starch content

Use a sharp knife to separate roots from the stem to minimize damage. Cut each as close to the stem as possible, leaving a short section of the stem attached, may help to prevent spread of decay

Put the harvested roots under shade for sorting and grading 

Place harvested roots in strong well-ventilated field containers for transport from the field

Wooden crates or strong plastic containers are much better field containers than sacks or reed baskets, which provide minimal protection to the roots

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Tubers intended for storage should be properly cured after harvest: Curing is a process where cassava tubers are exposed to conditions that will toughen the skin to protect them from damage and heal any existing wounds to reduce chances of perishability (browning of the flesh and softening of the roots)

Optimal conditions for curing are 26-30oC and 90-95% relative humidity for 4 days

Pile cassava partially shaded area outdoors: Cut grasses or straw can be used as insulating material and the pile should be covered with canvas, burlap or woven grass mats

May also use a protected structure at ambient temperatures, provided the relative humidity is high.

Processing: Separate and process first the damaged and small roots in order to minimize the growth of moulds.&nbsp; 

Due to storage limitations, most farmers prefer leaving their cassava in the field and only harvest when there is need. If piece-meal harvesting is done, care should be taken not to damage the remaining roots. Also, very prolonged &ldquo;in-ground&rdquo; storage leads to cassava being fibrous and woody, impairs flavor, and more risk of insect, disease or rodent attack

Transport the produce during cool part of the day, under very careful conditions to avoid damaging the produce

Cow-pea Production

Altitude range

Cowpea require an altitudes of 1200 &ndash; 1500 (1850) masl

Soil type and conditions

Well-drained, light and fairly fertile sandy soils and it can tolerate a wide range of soil conditions including low fertility and acidic soils but it is sensitive to water logging. It does well within a pH range of 5.6-6.0 (6.5). 

Cowpea nutrient requirements include: N, P, K, Mg, Ca, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn

Temperature range 

The temperatures should be 20-35oC but it can tolerate shading

Rainfall

The rainfall should be 200 &ndash; 400 mm p.a.

Steps during land preparation

Deep ploughing the bed once or twice to a medium tilth.

Select planting material from healthy plants free of pests and diseases, and from recommended sources.

Seeds should be selected from the same colour for desired variety

During selection growth habit (climbing, erect, spreading), flower colour, maturity period and seed type should be considered. 

For grain production, colour and size of seeds are important to consumers depending on their preferences.

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" style="height:136px; width:135px" />&nbsp;

Varieties include: Katumani 80 (K80), Ken kunde, Kunde 1, Machakos 66, MTW66,610

Apply water daily in case of prolonged drought.

Add right amounts of manure and fertilizers to the soil to provide the required plant nutrients for vigorous crop growth.

Soil Fertility

Maize

Altitude range

Maize require an altitude of 0-2200 masl Highlands; Midlands; Lowlands depending on variety. 

Soil type and conditions

It requires deep, well drained, fertile alluvial or loam soils with good water holding capacity and high organic matter

The pH should be 5.5-7.5. Maize nutrient requirements include; N, P, K, Mg, Ca, S, Fe, Zn, Mn, B, Cu, Mo, Cl. 

Temperature range 

The optimal temperatures should be 25-30 oC 

Rainfall

Maize require rainfall of 400 &ndash; 1200 mm p.a

Steps during land preparation

<ol>
	<li>Consider minimum tillage to reduce cost and to conserve soil, water and nutrients and to reduce workload</li>
	<li>Slash and plant using appropriate tools e.g. rippers, jab planters, dibbler, oxen drawn equipment e.g. the ripper, tractor drawn no till planter</li>
	<li>Ploughing of the soil should be done using chisel ploughs to avoid fine tilths. Hoes and oxen drawn implements can also be used</li>
	<li>Contour farming technique recommended</li>
	<li>Add manure and fertilizers to the soil in the right amounts to provide the required plant nutrients for vigorous crop growth</li>
</ol>

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" style="height:125px; width:83px" /></td>
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Common planting materials

Seeds

Select seed grains situated at the middle of the cob and discard grains at the base and the tip of the cob

Seeds should be obtained from reliable sources

Farmer saved seeds are alternatives where certified seeds aren&rsquo;t available or the seed can be bought from the market

Recommended varieties

Select seeds that are adapted to the agroecological zones and soil types, High Altitude, Medium altitude, Low altitude, special trait varieties e.g. Striga tolerant varieties and Open Pollinated Varieties (OPVs)

Plant at the onset of rains e.g. 4 continuous days of sufficient rain &ndash; to take advantage of nitrogen flush

Plant along the contours or across the slope

Conduct germination test before planting 

Plant when the soil is moist and plant certified maize varieties tolerant to striga weed IR- Coated Maize Varieties e.g. Ua Kayongo

Maize pure stand: 75cm x 25 or 30cm, 1 seed per hole, 5 cm deep and 2.5-5 cm for moist planting

Fill gaps one to two weeks after planting when plants have emerged

Maize is rain fed and irrigated if necessary, by adopting more efficient micro-irrigation methods such as drip 

Irrigating the fields early in the morning, late in the evening or at night but never during full sunshine

Maize; 1st topdressing is applied when the maize crop is knee high at 30-45 cm high

2nd topdressing is applied when maize crop is almost tussling and usually when there is enough moisture in the soil

Maintain soil health for good production and income

Test soils first to guide application of manure and fertilizer

Practice conservation farming approaches, minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, crop rotation and soil conservation measures

Thinning, remove weak plants under moist soil conditions 14 days after emergence 

Apply IPM principles for increased use of biophysical methods and reduced use of agrochemical methods

Intercrop maize with desmodium fodder (Desmodium uncinatum) push-pull technology to trigger suicidal germination of Striga

Pests include;

Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), Armyworm (Spodoptera exempta), Maize stalk borer (Busseola fusca), Termites, Cutworms, Leaf miner, Moths, Beetles, Thrips, Grasshopper, Rodents (rats and mice), Weevils (Sytophylus zeameis) and Larger grain borer (Prostephanus truncatus). 

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Fall Armyworm <img src="file:///C:/Users/Hp/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" style="height:86px; width:113px" />

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Armyworm

<img id="Picture_x0020_9" src="file:///C:/Users/Hp/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.jpg" style="height:57.05pt; position:absolute; width:89.2pt; z-index:251664384" /> <img id="Picture_x0020_11" src="file:///C:/Users/Hp/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.png" style="height:60.7pt; margin-top:24px; position:absolute; width:71.5pt; z-index:251666432" /> <img id="Picture_x0020_12" src="file:///C:/Users/Hp/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg" style="height:60.75pt; margin-left:113px; margin-top:24px; position:absolute; width:116.7pt; z-index:251667456" /> <img src="file:///C:/Users/Hp/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" style="height:81px; width:269px" />

Maize stalk borer

<img id="Picture_x0020_14" src="file:///C:/Users/Hp/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg" style="height:74.9pt; margin-left:96px; margin-top:20px; position:absolute; width:65.3pt; z-index:251668480" /> <img id="Picture_x0020_13" src="file:///C:/Users/Hp/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" style="height:74.9pt; margin-top:21px; position:absolute; width:1in; z-index:251669504" /> <img id="Picture_x0020_15" src="file:///C:/Users/Hp/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.jpg" style="height:74.9pt; margin-left:180px; margin-top:20px; position:absolute; width:64.7pt; z-index:251672576" /> <img src="file:///C:/Users/Hp/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" style="height:100px; width:267px" />

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Leaf miner 

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Rodents

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Weevils <img src="file:///C:/Users/Hp/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg" style="height:74px; width:123px" />

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Larger grain borer

Termites

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Pest control strategy 

Field sanitation and store hygiene 

Plant and harvest early

Rogueing 

Crop rotation

Push-pull technology and use of natural enemies

Rat traps

Use of appropriate insecticides as recommended by experts

Maize is mature 4 to 9 months after planting depending on the variety and altitude.

Harvesting is done when the crop reaches harvest maturity 10 to 15 days after physiological maturity

Harvesting is done by cutting and stalking to enhance drying, make it easy to harvest and to prevent pathogen infestation

Harvest by de-husking.

Transport maize from the field to the place of shelling using clean transport equipment

Dry before shelling

Winnow to remove dust and chaff

Control weevils and grain borers by drying the maize to 13-14% moisture content to avoid grain attack by fungal infections such as aflatoxin

Accessible methods of determining or estimating moisture content can be used 

If insecticides are used to preserve maize, store it in sisal or jute bags on raised pallets to protect from rodents and chaff

Sort to remove damaged, discolored and infected grains, store in airtight bags or metallic silos to minimize use of pesticides

Maize and Bean Intercrop

Overview

Smallholder farmers commonly use maize and bean intercropping to increase soil nitrogen and enhance agricultural productivity. If intercropped, the choice of the legume intercrop should be based on presence of soil and climatic conditions that meet the requirements of both maize and the legume of choice. Maize-legume systems usually produce less maize than maize monoculture but provide higher economic returns. Higher land productivity makes maize-legume systems especially suitable for smallholders. Intercropping maize with legumes also increases land utility and regulates pests

Altitude range

Intercrop require altitudes of 1000&ndash;2000 masl 

Soil type and conditions

Well-drained loamy soils with pH of 5.5-6

Temperature range 

The temperatures should be 15-27oC

Rainfall

The rainfall should be 500-1500 per growing period

Steps during land preparation

<ol>
	<li>Slash and plant using appropriate tools</li>
	<li>Plough the soil using chisel ploughs to a medium tilth</li>
	<li>Hoes and oxen drawn implements can also be used</li>
	<li>Contour farming technique recommended</li>
</ol>

Add manure and fertilizers to the soil in the right amounts to provide the required plant nutrients for vigorous crop growth

Farmer saved seeds are alternatives where certified seeds are not available

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" 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Maize&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Beans

Planting materials should be well-adapted to emerging local climatic and environmental conditions

Varieties include;

Select a variety adapted to low, medium and high altitude

Do not use damaged or wrinkled seeds, or seeds with holes

Irrigation is an essential climate change adaptation practice under dry conditions but must observe efficient water-use and wise application to avoid leaching

Adopt more efficient micro-irrigation methods such as dripIrrigate fields early in the morning, late in the evening or at night but never during full sunshine

Establish on-farm water harvesting capability and water storage capacity ditches, mulch or higher organic matter content 

Harvest water for a longer period than rainfall can maintain

Apply water directly where it is consumed; drip irrigation or bottle solution for small fields

Apply integrated weed management to control weeds

Test soils first to guide application of manure and fertilizer 

Apply only deficient nutrients 

Add manure and fertilizers to the soil in the right amounts to provide the required plant nutrients for vigorous crop growth.

Consider using conservation farming approaches&nbsp; like minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, crop rotation and soil conservation measures

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" style="height:111px; width:216px" />

Well managed maize and beans intercrop

Diseases Include;

Head smut (Sphacelotheca reiliana), Smut (Ustilago maydis), Maize lethal necrosis disease (MLND), Maize streak virus, Northern leaf blight, Common rust, Grey leaf spot, Root rots (Fusarium Black), Leaf spots (Angular Phaeisariopsis griseola, Alternaria), Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum), Bean rust (Uromyces appendiculatus), Bacterial blight (Halo Pseudomonas phaseolus, Common Xanthomonas phaseoli, Ashy stem (Macrophomina phaselina), Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMV), Bean scab (Elsione phaseoli) and White mould (Sclerotinia phaseoli)

Disease Management Strategies

Use of certified clean seed disease-free

Crop rotation and field hygiene

Use of resistant and tolerant varieties

Use of appropriate fungicides as recommended by experts 

Remove diseased materials/plants

Beans mature before maize 45 to 75 days after planting while maize takes 4 to 9 months after planting

Beans are harvested by cutting or uprooting the whole plant while maize is harvested by cutting and stalking to enhance drying and the de-husking

Intercrop will produce about 1.9 tonnes per ha

Sort then store in airtight bags or metallic silos

Storage and Transportation

Beans are dried, threshed and winnowed

Re-drying of beans is done to attain storage moisture content level. It is then sort and stored&nbsp; 

Maize are harvested after beans when they are mature then transported from the field to shelling house

Winnow to remove the chaff 

Control weevils, fungal infections e.g aflatoxin and grain borers by re-drying the maize to 13-14% moisture

Mangoes

Altitude range

Mango require altitudes of 0-1500 masl, depending on the cultivar

Soil type and conditions

It thrives well on a wide range of soils, but prefers well-drained, deep (at least 3m) fertile loamy or clay soils with pH of 5.5 &ndash; 7.5. Mango nutrient requirements include: N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Na, B, S, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Al, Mo, but it requires soil analysis before application is made 

Temperature range 

The temperatures should be 20 &ndash; 26 oC (24 &ndash; 30 &deg;C) but the optimum growth temperature is 25 &deg;C and often pollen viability decreases at 35 &deg;C

Rainfall

The rainfall should be 500 &ndash; 1000 mm p.a

Steps during land preparation

<ol>
	<li>Clear the field of trees, bushes and weeds</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Prepare only planting holes: Ploughing and harrowing are only needed for intercropping</li>
	<li>Prepare, in advance, planting holes 60cm x 60cm x 60cm.</li>
	<li>Separate topsoil and sub soil</li>
	<li>Spacing: range from 9 x 9 m to 13 x 13 m between trees depending on growth characteristic of the individual variety and the type of soil. </li>
	<li>Closer spacing of 6 x 4 m or 5 x 5 m could be used however alternate plants should be removed when overcrowding start to set in</li>
	<li>Add manure and fertilizers to the soil in the right amounts to provide the required plant nutrients for vigorous crop growth</li>
</ol>

Other than seeds a mango nursery can be raised to provide a source of planting materials, grafting is also an alternative to planting

<img 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" style="height:115px; width:173px" />

Seedling

Establish a mango nursery as far as possible from existing commercial plantings

Moving vehicles, personnel and foreign material should be restricted from the site 

The tools and equipment being used must be sterilized 

Build-up of free water in the nursery site should be minimized and the water being used should be free from harmful pathogens, nematodes and fungi

&nbsp;

seedlings be done frequently

Take scion wood from healthy well-developed vegetative shoot, without flower buds. 

Use very sharp grafting knives and make a clean cut and quickly. 

Protect the graft union from water to avoid entry of pathogens

Grafting is done when the rootstocks are about 5 to10 mm thick at a height of&nbsp; 25cm

Scion/Graft wood&nbsp; 

The best scion material is matured, hardened shoot from upper part of the tree 5 to 7.5 cm long

Place the buds of the scion upright on the stock, ensuring it is in a correct orientation

Protect all cut surfaces from drying and pathogen entry immediately after grafting

Properly label and tend the grafted seedlings for a period after grafting

After grafting care should be taken by Keeping the grafted seedlings under appropriate shade which does not allow direct ray of the sun

The buds will start to shoot after 21 days from the date of grafting and the seedlings are ready for field transplanting 3 months after grafting

Protect the graft union from water

Check regularly for moisture content and water if necessary; Conduct regular pest and disease control operations

Prepare potting media from any available material as long as it can sustain the life of seedlings

&nbsp;

Remove immediately any growth from the rootstock; Reduce shade when the tender leaves start to turn green

Remove the tape when the first flush turns completely green and shade removal is complete when second flush takes place

Transplant as per the planting hole specifications made in the land preparation section above

Seeds are prepared by taking fresh seeds from ripe fruits for rootstock establishment 

The hard, woody endocarp is removed by cutting it open at the narrow end of the seed and forcing the stone off

The seed itself is then still covered with a loose-fitting parchment layer, which must also be removed

Seeds are sown at spacing 2 cm x 10 cm in a nursery bed or directly into containers, with the convex edge up and covered lightly with the media. The germination media (river sand, loamy soils, saw dust) should be well-drained with seed orientation being the same in each bed

Preparation of potting media is compost of 10 parts forests soil; 6 parts well rotten manure; 1-3 part of river sand

Transplanting (plotting) is done by carefully lifting and separating the germinated seedlings from one another 

The weak plants are discarded with twisted tap roots or stems and only the healthy plants are planted (not smaller than 6 by 9 inches) in plastic containers

Transplant at 4 to 5 weeks old keeping the transplanted seedlings in the shade and carefully tend them

&nbsp;

Recommended varieties

Local or conventional varieties (Ngowe, Boribo, Sensation, Apple) and Exotic or improved varieties (Tommy Artkins, Kent, Haden, Van dyke)

Explore drip irrigation (bottle) in dry regions. Irrigation is not recommended for 2 &ndash; 3 months prior to flowering as it is likely to promote vegetative growth at the expense of flowering

There should be a marked season with dry weather for flowering and fruiting

Irrigation should only be necessary to see the young tree through the first year

Once the seedlings have taken off well, break the hard pan formed when irrigating/ watering by shallowly digging at the base of the stem

Carry soil testing to know the available nutrients in relation to mango requirement

Spread fertilizer or manure around the drip line of tree canopy and mix with the soil. Applied in a ring at the beginning of rains

Intercropping with legumes, vegetables, cereals and fodders will be beneficial at early growth stages of the mango trees. Improves soil fertility when legumes are grown underneath the trees.

Intercrop with other crops such as pineapples, and papaya where climatic and soil conditions are suitable. Intercropping reduces the pest and disease pressure due to possible higher population of beneficial organisms.

Leaving some spontaneous plant growths on the borders or between the mango trees creates ecological niches.

Protects the soil and other crops against wind 

Mango has a very long lifespan, hence crop rotation is not necessary.

Local mango variety will produce the first yield at the age of 4-7 years while the grafted varieties take 2-3 years after planting

Yields increase with age and trees reach optimal bearing at 8 years, reaching full maturity at 20years

Pre-harvest practices influence the post-harvest procedures e.g. size, colour 

Ensure the fruits are handle gently to avoid damage during harvesting. 

Harvest the fruit with long stalk (5cm) and pack in single layer with pedicel facing downwards. 

Allow latex that leaks from pedicel to drain on to absorbent material in the bottom of a crate the wash the latex with detergent.

Perform preliminary grading to sort immature, under sized, damaged, bruised, scorched or ripened fruits are removed during sorting

Wax the fruits, using polyethylene wax, or any appropriate wax 

Pack the fruits in single layer in fibre board cartons, to void rubbing against each other that can shorten the shelf life of the fruits. Mango fruits are sensitive to chilling injury

Transport or store mango at 11oC for green fruit and 8oC for riper ones.

Most varieties can be stored at a temperature between 10oC and 13oC with relative humidity of 85 to 90% for a storage period of between two to four months.

Dip newly harvested fruits into hot water to minimize fruit fly damage and anthracnose. Hot water treatment controls anthacnose disease while fungicide controls soft brown rot

Aesthetic value waxing prevents moisture loss and chilling injury 

In the packhouse cut the pendicel to about 5mm 

Use sodium hypochlorite to prevent build-up of pathogen and treat the fruit with hot water at 47oC for 5 minutes

Onions

Altitude range

Onion require altitudes of 500-2000 masl

Soil type and conditions

Well-drained, deep, fertile, clayey loam and sandy loam soils with good water holding capacity, away from shade. 

It requires a pH of 6.0-7.0 (6.5-6.8) and lime can be applied if the pH is below 5.0. Onion nutrient requirements include: N, P, K, Mg, S, B, Zn, Mo, Mn

Temperature range 

The temperatures should be 15 &ndash; 30 oC

Rainfall

The rainfall should be 500 &ndash; 700 mm p.a

Well distributed and with a dry season prior to harvesting

Steps during land preparation

<ol>
	<li>Deep plough and rip the land to give room for bulbing and to break hardpan</li>
	<li>Harrow to appropriate tilth just before planting</li>
	<li>Apply well-decomposed manure and mix with the soil, based on soil analysis results</li>
</ol>

Available varieties include;

SP 7030NS, Jambar F1, Red creole, Red Pinoy F1, Red passion F1 and Red comet F1

Nursery Practices

Lighter soils need more frequent water applications but less water applied per application

Increase amount of water at the bulbing stage reduce and discontinue watering towards bulb maturity

Stop irrigation 15-20 days prior to harvesting

Water management

Hand weeding done 2-3 times depending on the condition of the field

Use inorganic mulch polythene and organic grass mulch or selective herbicides

Top-dress with 300kg per ha CAN or applicable N fertilizer 3-4 weeks after transplanting and same quantity 6 weeks after transplanting based on soil analysis report

Watering should be done immediately after topdressing

Second top-dress fertilizer at 7-8 weeks after transplanting at same rate as first top-dress

Strip or banding method is preferred over broadcasting as it is more effective. Too much nitrogen results in thick necks 

Top-dressing should be completed before initiation of bulbing

If the soil is hard, loosen or remove excess soil around the bulbing point to allow bulbs to expand/ develop well. Take care not to damage or expose the roots

Pest Management

Disease Managment

Bulb onions are ready for harvest when: they are 3 months old after transplanting 75% of the tops have turned brown or yellow, fall over and dry

Eaves start to turn yellow and the skin becomes papery around the bulb, foliage wither and form a shiny membrane cover around the bulb, the neck of the onion is dry and tight

The silver skin peels off easily, 50% of the bulb is exposed out of the soil neck falls

The green onions can be harvested during thinning after 45-60 days and used as salads. Harvesting is done when leaves begin to turn yellow and bulbs are firm

Harvesting is done manually in Kenya during hot and sunny days by levering the bulbs with a fork to loosen them and pulling the tops gently by hand to avoid bruises

To prevent sun scald the bulbs are laid in such a way that the tops of one row is over the bulbs of another, but if the rain occurs, the bulbs should be brought to the curing house immediately

Late harvesting causes excessive sprouting during prolonged storage

Onion will produce 7-10 tons per ha

Store in a clean, dry, cool and well-aerated place

Controlled atmosphere storage is practiced increasingly to extend the marketing period

Well preserved onions can stay up to six months without getting spoilt; although it is advisable to use or sell them as early as possible as they will slowly lose weight

Cleaning is done by removing the soil, foreign matter and badly affected onions manually or by using air 

Curing process of drying the necks and leaves of the bulb to ensure maximum quality and increased shelf-lifeCure naturally sun-drying in the field or artificially

Artificial curing is better because of better process control. Spread the onions on a wire rack in a well-ventilated and shaded area. Put a covering on top of the onions to prevent them from rain

The onions are considered well-dried once the neck is tight the outer skin is dry, makes a rustling sound when handled and the skin colour is uniform. This takes 2 to 3 weeks

Sort to remove the onions with thick necks, the bolted, injured, decayed onions, doubles, small bulbs, bruised, damaged by pests, diseases and sun-scald and sprouted

Trim the onion roots and leaves using a sharp knife and cut 4-6 cm from the bulb

&nbsp;

Grade according to colour and size as follows; Grade 1: Big sized onions, Grade 2: Small sized onions and Grade 3: Bulb-lets

Store in a clean, dry, cool and well-aerated place. Controlled atmosphere storage is practiced increasingly to extend the marketing period

Well preserved onions can stay up to six months without getting spoilt; although it is advisable to use or sell them as early as possible as they will slowly lose weight

Post Harvest Handling

Marketing

Passion Fruit

Passion fruits (Passiflora edulis)

Local names in Kenya (Matunda) 

Overview

Passion fruit is a perennial climbing plant, which was introduced into Kenya in the 1920&rsquo;s. It is a popular fruit for both domestic and export markets. There are two distinct forms. Forma edulis, the purple passion fruit, which does well in cool environments at higher altitudes and&nbsp;forma flavicarpa, the yellow passion fruit, which is known to do well in the tropical lowlands

Altitude range

Altitude requirement ranges between 0-2000 masl depending on variety e.g. Esther Variety and Purple passion require high altitude areas or cool climate at 1200-2000 masl. Sweet yellow does well in low to mid altitudes 0-1500masl

Soil type and conditions

Passion grows in a wide range of soils but performs best in light to heavy, well-drained and well-aerated sandy loams of medium texture soil. A pH of between 5.5- 7.0 is optimal. Liming is necessary if the soil is too acidic. Passion fruit requires nutrients such as; N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Fe, e Mn, Zn, S, and B

Temperature range 

The temperatures should be 16-30oC, Does well in well-illuminated field e.g. adequate sunlight for flowering and fruiting

Rainfall

The rainfall should be 900-2000 mm p.a

Steps during land preparation

<ol>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Plough deep and harrow the land 2-3 months and ensure the hard pans are removed before planting</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Prepare planting holes 45 x 45 x 45 cm</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Fill the holes with topsoil mixed with up to 10kg of compost or manure</li>
	<li style="text-align:justify">Add manure and fertilizers to the soil in the right amounts to provide the required plant nutrients for vigorous crop growth </li>
</ol>

Raising rootstocks for grafting

Yellow passion recommended for grafting while purple passion fruit scions used for grafting

Seedlings as rootstocks take 2-3 months in nursery, cleft graft after 3-4 weeks when 45 cm

If cuttings are used, set them in coarse sand and later transplant into bags or a nursery bed

Grafting recommended to purple passion fruits as sweet yellow varieties already have desired rootstock characteristics

Undertake grafting, potting, adequate watering and hardening off. Grafting perpetuates hybrids for tolerance and good yields

Raising seedlings

Use seeds stored for less than 3 months

Treat seeds with hot water at 500C for 15-30 minutes. Germination takes 2-3 weeks

Raise seedlings in bags, 15cm wide and 25cm deep

Sow three seeds per bag at a depth of cm and thin after two months to leave only one

Planting can be done in pure stand or in a mixed cropping system 

Transplant at 3 weeks after grafting at the start of the rainy season

Firm down the soil around the plants to establish good root and soil contact

Keep the grafted spot out of contact with soil during to avoid fungal infection

Water transplanted seedlings to ensure quick rooting and establishment of the plant

Spacing of 2 by 3m is recommended for hand cultivation and 3 by 3m for mechanized cultivation 

Commercial plantations should adopt a row spacing of 1.2-1.8 m and a within-row spacing of 3m. This gives around 1900-&nbsp;2700 plants per ha

Passion is heavy feeder hence appropriate fertilizer should be added during the growing season

Varieties include;

Sweet yellow passion (KPF4, KPF11, KPF12), Purple passion fruit, Yellow passion, Banana passion, Giant passion, Esther variety

Irrigation is required during dry spells but sparingly

Over irrigation may predispose the crop to root rots and other soil borne diseases

Passion fruit is sensitive to water logging

Weed control should be done regularly

Ensure application of 1-2 debes of manure per year per plant before rains

Foliar and trace elements should be applied at every 3 months based on the recommendations of soil testing and analysis

Passion fruit should not be grown for more than 5 years on the same plot

Pruning and training

Trellising should be done at 2.7m high wooden posts of 15cm diameter for plants to climb and well-made metal wire used over the top of the posts

Copper wire is expensive and too soft while wooden top posts can be used however they are less durable

Train 2 healthy shoots above the graft union with sisal strings

Prune to remove old unproductive shoots and dead wood

Pruning enhances aeration and light penetration for flowers and fruits production

Pruning equipment should be sterilized to prevent contamination

All pruned plant parts should be applied copper-based fungicide to avoid fungal infection

Maturity is determined by time after transplanting after bloom and external skin colour changes from green to yellow or purple, depending on the type of passion fruit

Seeded yellow passion fruit are mature 10 months after transplanting with full production occurring after 18 months

Grafted passion fruits begin initial production after 7 months

Harvest is done manually by cutting or clipping the fruit off the vine using sharp knife or clippers with a sharp edge

Passion fruit for processing fruit drops to the ground when fully mature and they look shrivelled and unattractive, hence they are collected every second day

For fresh fruit and export markets fruits are picked after full colour development when the whole fruit is purple or canary yellow but before shrivelling and drying sets in

Pack in 4.5 and 6 kg fibreboard cartons, sometimes in one or two layer trays or cell packs

Passion fruit subjected to free aerated place will shrink

Harvested fruits should be handled with care and they should be placed in a plastic bucket or field container without dropping or throwing them

The harvesting container should also be clean to avoid any contamination

Much higher yields are possible e.g. 50 tons per ha annually for purple passion fruit in Kenya. 

Yields increase up to 3rd year. Beyond that the yields decline

Yields of over 6-8 tons per acre are attainable on Purple variety and 8-10 tonnes per acre of Esther purple variety

Yield Potential

Potatoes

Potato is a starchy root vegetable important as a staple food and a source of farm incomes. The crop is a major foodstuff in Kenya. Whereas there is a general increase in the land area under potato cultivation, total national production has remained steady or declined over recent years. Kenya has produced Potato Growing Regulations 2018 which can be referred in conjunction with information provided.

Altitude range

Potatoes require altitudes of 1500 &ndash; 3000 masl

Soil type and conditions

Soils should be deep minimum 30 cm, well-drained, fertile, medium loam, preferably gentle sloping land, on mild slopes, ridges should more or less follow the contour with a small longitudinal slope to allow for drainage 

The pH should be 5.5 &ndash; 7.5, high soil pH causes scab disease and liming is recommended before planting if pH is below that range. Potato nutrient requirements include: N, P, K, Mg, Ca, S, Zn, Cu, Mn, B

Temperature range 

The temperatures should be 20-25oC

Rainfall

The rainfall should be more than 750 mm p.a.

Steps during land preparation

<ol>
	<li>Plough when soil is dry</li>
	<li>Plough the farm to appropriate tilth 45cm-50cm deep</li>
</ol>

Add manure and fertilizers to the soil in the right amounts to provide the required plant nutrients for vigorous crop growth

Varieties include

General: Kenya Baraka, Roslin tana, Roslin Gucha, Kerrs Pink, Roslin Eburu (B 53), Desiree, Feldeslohm, Kenya Dhamana, Chaguo, Furaha, Romano, Dutch Robin, Shangi, Pumpernet

Current: Tigoni, Asante, Kenya Karibu, Kenya Mpya, Kenya Sherekea, Shangi, Arka, Kabale from Uganda

Imported varieties: Jelly, Karuso, Connect

Others: Unica, Primera, Rudolf

Planting procedure

Plant at 5-15 cm depth but deeper and 30-40cm for white varieties under warm dry conditions

Place tubers with sprouts facing up

For consumption purposes, plant at a spacing of 75cm x 30 cm between rows and 30-40 cm within rows

Seed rate for tubers is 2-2.5 tons per ha. Seed rate depends on soil fertility status, rainfall availability and tuber use 

The larger the seed size, the more the amount required

Make wider ridges or mounds if intercropping with annual crops e.g. maize and legumes 

For seed potatoes, plant at a spacing of 15-20cm within rows, at 50kg bags per acre

Minimal water is required during normal vegetative growth of the crop

Irrigate during dry spell without over watering that leads to build-up of fungal diseases and poor aeration 

Avoid irregular watering for it causes splitting of the tuber

Avoid weeding after flowering because it predisposes the crop to infections and may injure the tubers

Rotate after every 4 years with non-root and tuber crops, preferably cereals and legumes to break pest and disease cycle such as carrot and improved fallow either under Crotalaria ocroleuca or Leucaena and brassicas

Earthing up should be done at 2-4 weeks after emergence to; enhance for tuber expansion, control potato weevil and prevent greening

Pest management

Drying leaves is an indicator of maturity.

Harvest 7-14 days after dehaulming by digging up the tubers carefully using a forked jembe to avoid damaging them

They are then dried for a short period of time in rows before gathering them

Potato will produce up to 40tons per ha&nbsp; or 16tons per acre with proper management

Packed potato intended for market are transported using bicycle, pick-up, lorries, depending on destination

The produce should be transported during the coolest part of the day

Storage and transportation

Clean soil from the potatoes without bruising the skin

Overstacking should be avoided during transpotation

Sorting is done to remove rotten, damaged, malformed and weevil infested potatoes, and debris

Grading is based on size, shape, colour, weight, maturity, market demand

Potato is packaged in baskets, sacks, crates, depending on distance of transportation Potatoes in gunny bags/sacks be packaged in 50kg and below

Potato can be processed to make potato Crips and French fries

Overview
Sorghum is the firth most important cereal grown in the world. It is an indigenous crop to Kenya and is a basic staple food crop for many rural communities in the country, especially in more drought-prone areas. It is important for food, animal fodder, bio-fuel and production of alcohol and beverages. The crop is adapted to a wide range of environments, able to perform better than most crops under extreme climatic conditions, from excessive dry spells to excessively moist conditions, and under varied temperatures and soil types

Sorghum

Altitude range

Sorghum requires altitudes of 0-2500 masl and a suitable AEZ e.g. LM1-LM5

&nbsp;

Soil type and conditions

A&nbsp;wide range of soils e.g. clay loam, clay and silt soils but not loamy soil&nbsp;with the soil pH&nbsp;of 4.8-6.0&nbsp;

Sorghum nutrient requirements include: N, P, K, Zn, S, Cl, Mg, Ca, Fe, B, Cu, Mn

Temperature range 

The temperatures should be &nbsp;above 10 oC

Rainfall

Rainfall should be 250-900 mm p.a

<ol>
	<li>Plough&nbsp;a fallow land, if planted as second season crop one plough is sufficient</li>
	<li>Practice contour farming technique</li>
	<li>Add manure and fertilizers to the soil in the right amounts to provide the required plant nutrients for vigorous crop growth</li>
	<li>Maintain adequate soil health, soil nutrients, soil depth and moisture holding capacity </li>
	<li>Soil testing and analysis is necessary for tailored soil amendments and nutrient replenishment</li>
</ol>

Land prepation

pre_planting

Gadam, Serena and Seredo

Use certified and local varieties as per the AEZ

varieties

Direct planting of seeds is done by sowing directly into furrows as a drill&nbsp;at a spacing&nbsp;of 45 x 60 &nbsp;or 75cm x 20cm&nbsp;for mono-crop&nbsp;and&nbsp;90 cm x 30 cm for inter-crop&nbsp;with legume&nbsp;or maize

Drill then thin to 12-20 c between plants in furrows, 3-4 weeks after emergence 

In dry condition seeds should be placed at 5 cm depth and 2.5-4.0 cm in moist soil

Seedrate; 7-12 Kg per Ha&nbsp;and the seed&nbsp;rate vary depending on environmental condition. Very low seed rate is applicable in very dry condition

Traditional planting&nbsp;broadcasting&nbsp;can also be applied

planting

water management

Recycle crop and plant residues&nbsp;to provide&nbsp;manure&nbsp;when they decompose

Apply sufficient, well-decomposed, organic manure in soil before planting to enhance water holding capacity, texture and to supply nutrients for healthy crop establishment

soil fertility

pest management

disease management

Sorghum is&nbsp;harvested when&nbsp;physiologically&nbsp;mature, i.e. when most leaves have dried, the panicles are no longer green, the stalks turn yellow or brown

maturity

Harvesting is done manually by cutting the head using a sharp knife

The harvested sorghum&nbsp;is then carefully transported&nbsp;to the homestead&nbsp;avoiding contamination

Sorghum has the potential of producing 2.7 tons per ha

harvest

Check the moisture content of the dry grain using a moisture meter or salt method. Salt will stick on grain which is not adequately dried when the grain is put in a container of salt and shaken

Store the dry grain in airtight bags or metallic

storage

Sweet potatoes

Overview 
Tomato is one of the most widely cultivated vegetable crops in Kenya. In western Kenya it is mostly grown for home consumption in the backyard of homesteads. Tomato is consumed in diverse ways, raw or cooked, in many dishes, sauces, salad and drinks. Tomato yields in smallholder cropping systems in the region are generally far below the potential of the crop. There are several reasons for low yields. Among these are low quality seeds, non-availability of inputs, sub-optimum crop husbandry and a large number of pests and diseases.

Potatoes require altitudes of 1500 &ndash; 3000 masl. Soils should be deep (minimum 30 cm), well-drained, fertile, medium loam; preferably gentle sloping land; On mild slopes (5-10%), ridges should more or less follow the contour with a small longitudinal slope (0.5-1%) to allow for drainage. The pH should be 5.5 &ndash; 7.5, high soil pH causes scab disease and liming is recommended before planting if pH is below that range. Potato nutrient requirements include: N, P, K, Mg, Ca, S, Zn, Cu, Mn, B. The temperatures should be 20-25oC. The rainfall should be &ge; 750 mm p.a.

Planting 
Select well-adapted planting material of a desired variety. &nbsp;Plough and harrow to an appropriate tilth medium tilth. Add right amount of manure and fertilizers to supply the required nutrients. Rotate after every 4 years with non-root and tuber crops, preferably cereals and legumes to break pest and disease cycle. Alternatively seeds can be establishment by raised beds for rooted cuttings or seed plot system that uses raised beds.

Planting is done at the onset of rain on furrows at 5-15 cm depth and a spacing of 75cm X 30 cm for cuttings and seeds at 15-20 cm. Apply water in case of prolonged drought, carry out weed control using integrated pest management, earthing up at 2-4 weeks after emergence to enhance tuber expansion, control potato weevil and to prevent greening.

Vegetative and Reproductive Stage 
Pests include: aphids, white flies, tuber moth, nematodes (Potato Cyst Nematodes or PCN and root knot nematodes), cutworms, and leaf minor and thrips, and should be controlled by use of certified seed, testing for potato cyst nematodes (PCN) on soils before planting, integrated Pest Management (IPM), including use of repellants, crop rotation to observed closed season for crops in Solanacea family, field sanitation (including removing harvest residues) and use of organic pesticides (Bio-T-Plus).

Diseases include: Nematodes (PCN), Bacterial&ndash; (Late blight, early blight, bacterial wilt, Verticillium wilt, soft rot and black scurf) and Viral &ndash; (Potato leaf roll and potato yellow virus, common scab, powdery scab and wart disease) and should be controlled by use Resistant varieties ;certified; clean seed, conduct bacterial wilt and nematode (PCN) test before planting, IPM, field sanitation/ hygiene (clean field, including removal of harvest residues) /plant new fields away from old fields/ rogue out/remove diseased plants/ do not use diseased plants in compost, crop rotation with non-solanaceaous crops, spray with recommended fungicides to control blight &ndash; under IPM program and test for bacterial wilt &ndash; through KALRO or KEPHIS.

Maturity and Harvesting Stage 
Potatoes mature 90-120 days after planting depending on variety. Dry leaf/vine is an indicator of maturity. Harvesting is done by first dehaulm/cut foliage followed by harvesting 7-14 days by digging up the tubers carefully using a garden fork/forked jembe. They are then dried then gathered. 
Harvested potatoes should be protected from direct sunshine, carry them in home in baskets as head loads, or in sacks on bicycles, motor bikes or by ox-carts. Clean, sort and grade. Packed potato intended for market are transported using bicycle or pick-up, lorries and store in a cool dry place away from sunlight. Potato will produce up to 40tonnes/ha (16tons /acre) with proper management. 
&nbsp;

Irrigate early in the morning to avoid late blight disease

Reduce watering at the end of crop maturity

Regular watering&nbsp;reduces blossom end rot, ensures uniform fruit development, prevents fruit splitting, reduces the risk of sun scorch, enhances fruit growth, and increases the size and number of fruits

&nbsp;watering can cause leaching and loss of soil nutrients while contaminating the groundwater and streams with the nutrients&nbsp;

First weeding can be done using hand hoe and subsequent weeding by hand pulling of weeds

Uproot weeds and spread on the soil as mulch. Thereafter the vine spread should cover the ground to smother weeds

Add manure and fertilizers to the soil in the right amounts to provide the required plant nutrients for vigorous crop growth

Fill the gaps in case of poor sprouting, within the first 2 weeks after planting

Earth the roots to avoid greening of roots

Rogue out off-types and diseased plants

Maturity indicators include: 

<img src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" 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Vegetative stage

Yellowing and drying of the lower leaves, cracks forming on the soil surface of the ridge or mound

Sap exuded from the cut surface of mature roots and does not darken easily while the cut surface of immature storage roots gives a dark greyish colour

Delayed harvesting leads to fibrous and pest-infested roots

Harvest piecemeal is done for specific needs; domestic, market, contractual arrangements or complete depending on purpose

The vines should be reserved for future planting

Harvest carefully not to damage remaining roots

Sweet potato will produce 35 &ndash; 95 bags per acre and 13,500 vines/acre

Harvested vines should be stored under shade

Tie vines in bundles of 50 or 100 pieces. Ensure every package is well labelled showing variety, contact of the vine multiplier and date of harvest. The vines are put in gunny bags 1000 vines each and should be aerated most of the time

Transport planting materials immediately after harvesting, possibly in the evening or at night

Untie and empty the bags once the destination is reached, to avoid accumulation of heat in the bags which can damage the vines

Harvest

There are three storage methods that can used;

In-ground storage:&nbsp;harvesting of what is required for current use and leaving the rest of the roots in the ground

Check the field regularly for cracks or exposed roots and cover them with soil. This help to prevent root damage by weevils and exposure to the sun

Clamp storage: make a flat mound of dry soil 1x1m wide raised about 10cm above the ground

Cover the mound with dry grass for cushioning the roots and moisture absorption. Or instead of using grass for thatching, which is rare currently, iron sheets could be used.

Carefully pile sorted roots on the mound in layers to form a pyramid then cover the roots with more dry grass and a layer of dry soil 10-20 cm thick

Construct a grass roof about the mound to protect it from the sun or rain. Allow a gap between the roof and the mound for ventilation

Dig a channel around the clamp to allow drainage of water from the roof

Remove roots from the pile as required ensuring that the pile is covered again with grass and soil

Pit storage&nbsp;dig a pit in a dry place. The size of the pit will depend on the quantity of roots to store

Line the pit with dry grass. Prevent ants/termite&rsquo;s moisture leakage to the stored roots and monitor to avoid root damage

Pile the sweet potato roots in the hole and cover with more grass and dry soil

Insert a bamboo pole or plastic pipe through the soil above the roots to act as a ventilation pipe

Cover the pit with a raised sloping grass roof to protect it from the sun and rain

Washing is to remove soil from the roots without bruising the skin

Sorting is done to remove rotten, damaged, malformed and weevil infested roots, and debris

Grading is done to categorise the sorted roots to have uniform produce, based on size, shape, colour, weight, maturity, market demand

Keep harvested roots protected from direct sunshine to avoid shrinkage and shrivelling, and to meet buyer requirements for grade and size

Post harvest handling

Sweet potato can be baked, boiled fried or mixed with other foods

Grow Smarter,
Harvest Better

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Crops

Grow Smarter,Harvest Better

Select a Division

Crops

Grow Smarter,
Harvest Better